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Acetazolamide

websitebuilder@thryv.com — Mon, 27 May 2019 11:08:55 GMT

What is acetazolamide?

Acetazolamide (brand names: Diamox®) is a diuretic and antiglaucoma agent, used primarily to treat glaucoma (increased eye pressure), syringomyelia (cyst that affects nervous system), and metabolic alkalosis.

Its use in cats and dogs to treat glaucoma, syringomyelia, or metabolic alkalosis is ' off label ' or ' extra label '. Many drugs are commonly prescribed for off label use in veterinary medicine. In these instances, follow your veterinarian’s directions and cautions very carefully as their directions may be significantly different from those on the label.

How is acetazolamide given?

Acetazolamide is given by mouth in the form of a tablet, capsule, or compounded liquid. Give this medication with food as stomach upset is the most common side effect, and giving with food may reduce this effect.

This medication should take effect within 1 to 2 hours; however, effects may not be visibly obvious and therefore laboratory tests may need to be done to evaluate this medication’s effectiveness.

What if I miss giving my pet the medication?

If you miss a dose, give it when you remember, but if it is close to the time for the next dose, skip the dose you missed and give it at the next scheduled time, and return to the regular dosing schedule. Never give your pet two doses at once or give extra doses.

Are there any potential side effects?

Possible side effects include gastrointestinal upset, central nervous system effects such as sleepiness, weakness, or excitement, blood effects such as low blood cell counts, kidney effects such as increased drinking, crystal formation, or urination problems, electrolyte effects, high blood sugar, liver effects, skin effects such as a rash, and allergic reactions.

This medication should be used with extreme caution in pregnant and nursing animals, as veterinary safety information is limited for this medication and its effects are unknown.

This short-acting medication should stop working within 24 hours, although effects can be longer in pets with liver or kidney disease.

Are there any risk factors for this medication?

Acetazolamide should not be used in pets with severe liver, kidney, or adrenal disease, certain electrolyte abnormalities such as sodium, potassium, or chloride levels, or pets with obstructive lung disease. Long-term use is not recommended in pets with non-congestive, angle-closure glaucoma. It should be used with caution in pets with significant respiratory acidosis or pets with preexisting blood abnormalities.

Are there any drug interactions I should be aware of?

The following medications should be used with caution when given with acetazolamide: aspirin, cyclosporine, digoxin, insulin, methenamine compounds, phenobarbital, procainamide, quinidine, tricyclic antidepressants, or any medications that affect potassium levels, such as corticosteroids, amphotericin B, corticotropin, or other diuretics.

Be sure to tell your veterinarian about any medications ( including vitamins, supplements, or herbal therapies ) that your pet is taking.

Is there any monitoring that needs to be done with this medication?

While using this medication, your veterinarian will monitor your pet’s electrolytes and blood cell counts. Your veterinarian may take a baseline complete blood count before starting your pet on this medication. If used for glaucoma, your pet’s eye pressures will be monitored. If used for alkalosis, blood gases will be monitored.

Monitor your pet for side effects. If unusual panting, fast breathing, weakness, difficulty walking, behavior changes, shaking, or seizures occur, contact your veterinary office immediately.

How do I store acetazolamide?

Acetazolamide tablets should be stored at room temperature. Compounded liquid medications are usually stored in the refrigerator or at room temperature, away from light, but these recommendations can vary depending on the compounding pharmacy. Follow the directions provided on the label.

What should I do in case of emergency?

If you suspect an overdose or an adverse reaction to the medication, call your veterinary office immediately. If they are not available, follow their directions in contacting an emergency facility.

This client information sheet is based on material written by: Robin Downing, DVM, CVPP, CCRP, DAAPM

Acetaminophen Toxicity in Dogs

websitebuilder@thryv.com — Mon, 27 May 2019 11:06:14 GMT

I have heard that acetaminophen is toxic to dogs. This is such a common medication. Is this true?

Acetaminophen is a medication that is used to treat fever and/or pain in humans. Unfortunately, acetaminophen toxicity in dogs is somewhat common as dog owners attempt to treat their dogs for pain without first consulting with a veterinarian. Young and small dogs face a greater risk from a single dose of acetaminophen given to them mistakenly by their owners.

What are the signs of acetaminophen toxicity in dogs?

Signs of toxicity from acetaminophen may develop within 1–4 hours of ingestion. These dogs will experience a progressive depression, and they may develop rapid breathing. They may experience abdominal pain and nausea, causing drooling. Their mucus membranes- for instance the gums or the tissue surrounding the globe of the eye- may develop a bluish discoloration. This is called “cyanosis” and is the result of a molecule called “methemoglobin” that interrupts the ability of the red blood cell to carry oxygen to the tissues of the body.

Some dogs will develop fluid buildup in the face, paws, and forelimbs several hours after ingesting acetaminophen. Their urine may become dark or even chocolate-colored from the presence of blood or methemoglobin. Occasionally, the first sign of acetaminophen toxicity is death.

Is there any treatment for a dog who is experiencing acetaminophen toxicity?

The presence of methemoglobin in the blood demands a prompt diagnosis, hospitalization, and aggressive care. Likewise, dark or bloody urine, or yellowish discoloration of the skin or mucus membranes (jaundice) demands inpatient care. These dogs need very gentle handling, as they are often fragile.

Depending upon the timing of the acetaminophen ingestion, the veterinarian may induce vomiting, and may perform flushing of the stomach. This is only useful within 4–6 hours of ingestion of acetaminophen. A low red blood cell count, called “anemia”, blood in the urine, called “hematuria”, or the presence of hemoglobin in the urine, called “hemoglobinuria”, may require a blood transfusion. In addition, intravenous fluid therapy is delivered to maintain proper hydration and electrolyte balance.

Activated charcoal may be administered immediately after vomiting has been induced or after the stomach has been flushed, once vomiting is controlled. The activated charcoal attracts the remaining molecules of acetaminophen and keeps them from being absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. A medicine called N-acetylcysteine (Mucomyst®) is considered to be an antidote for acetaminophen toxicity. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) reduces methemoglobin levels in the blood over time.

Once a dog is treated for acetaminophen toxicity, is there any follow-up that must be done?

Blood levels of methemoglobin must be monitored. In addition, levels of serum liver enzymes are monitored in order to assess for liver damage. The level of a compound called glutathione in the blood helps to assess the effectiveness of treatment. Liver damage and the resulting scarring may compromise long-term liver function in dogs who have recovered from acetaminophen toxicity.

If methemoglobin levels in the blood progress rapidly, this is a serious clinical sign, and if the methemoglobin concentration reaches above 50%, the prognosis is grave. Likewise, if the serum liver enzymes continue to rise 12 – 24 hours post-ingestion, then this also raises serious concerns. While clinical signs of acetaminophen toxicity may persist for 12 – 48 hours, death from methemoglobin in the blood can occur at any time. Prompt treatment to reverse methemoglobin in the blood and to prevent liver damage raises the probability of recovery. Unfortunately, death from liver damage may occur in only a few days.

The most important treatment for acetaminophen toxicity is to avoid it!

This client information sheet is based on material written by: Robin Downing, DVM, DAAPM, DACVSMR, CVPP, CRPP

Acetaminophen Toxicity in Cats

websitebuilder@thryv.com — Mon, 27 May 2019 10:57:56 GMT

I have heard that acetaminophen is toxic to cats. This is such a common medication. Is this true?

Acetaminophen is a medication that is used to treat fever and/or pain in humans. Unfortunately, acetaminophen toxicity in cats is very common as cat owners attempt to treat their cats for pain without first consulting with a veterinarian. Cats face a greater risk from a single dose of acetaminophen given to them by their owners than dogs do.

"Cats have a genetic deficiency that makes cats vulnerable to acetaminophen toxicity."

Cats have a genetic deficiency in a metabolic pathway in the liver that breaks down medications, called the 'glucuronide conjugation pathway'. This deficiency makes cats vulnerable to acetaminophen toxicity.

What are the signs of acetaminophen toxicity in cats?

Signs of toxicity from acetaminophen may develop within 1–4 hours of ingestion. These cats will experience a progressive depression, and they may develop rapid breathing. They may experience abdominal pain and nausea, causing drooling. Their mucus membranes, for example, the gums or the tissue surrounding the globe of the eye, may develop a bluish discoloration. This is called 'cyanosis' and is the result of a molecule called 'methemoglobin' that interrupts the ability of the red blood cell to carry oxygen to the tissues of the body.

"Occasionally, the first sign of

acetaminophen toxicity is death."

Some cats will develop fluid buildup in the face, paws, and forelimbs several hours after ingesting acetaminophen. The urine may become dark or even chocolate-colored from the presence of blood or methemoglobin. Occasionally, the first sign of acetaminophen toxicity is death. Death as a result of methemoglobinemia occurs 18–36 hours after ingestion.

Is there any treatment for a cat who is experiencing acetaminophen toxicity?

The presence of methemoglobin in the blood demands a prompt diagnosis, hospitalization, and aggressive care. Likewise, dark or bloody urine, or yellowish discoloration of the skin or mucus membranes (jaundice) demands inpatient care. These cats need very gentle handling, as they are often fragile.

Depending upon the timing of the acetaminophen ingestion, your veterinarian may induce vomiting, and may perform flushing of the stomach. This is only useful within 4–6 hours of acetaminophen ingestion. A low red blood cell count, called “anemia”, blood in the urine, called “hematuria”, or the presence of hemoglobin in the urine, called “hemoglobinuria”, may require transfusion of whole blood. In addition, intravenous fluid therapy is delivered to maintain proper hydration and electrolyte balance.

"A medicine called N-acetylcysteine (Mucomyst®)

is considered to be an antidote

for acetaminophen toxicity"

Activated charcoal may be administered immediately after vomiting has been induced or after the stomach has been flushed, once vomiting is controlled. The activated charcoal attracts the remaining molecules of acetaminophen and keeps them from being absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. A medicine called N-acetylcysteine (Mucomyst®) is considered to be an antidote for acetaminophen toxicity. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) reduces methemoglobin levels in the blood over time.

Once a cat is treated for acetaminophen toxicity, is there any follow-up that must be done?

"Prompt treatment to prevent liver damage

increases the probability of recovery."

If methemoglobin levels in the blood progress rapidly, this is a serious clinical sign, and if the methemoglobin concentration reaches greater than 50%, the prognosis is grave. Likewise, if the serum liver enzymes continue to rise 12–24 hours post-ingestion, then this also raises serious concerns. While clinical signs of acetaminophen toxicity may persist for 12–48 hours, death from methemoglobin in the blood can occur at any time. Prompt treatment to reverse methemoglobin in the blood and to prevent liver damage increases the probability of recovery. Unfortunately, death from liver damage may occur in only a few days.

Prevention is key with acetaminophen toxicity, so never give acetaminophen to cats.

This client information sheet is based on material written by: Robin Downing, DVM, DAAPM, DACVSMR, CVPP, CRPP

Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Poisoning Alert for Dogs and Cats

websitebuilder@thryv.com — Mon, 27 May 2019 10:52:14 GMT

"IMPORTANT: Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is very dangerous to dogs and cats."

Acetaminophen (Tylenol®, Paracetamol, APAP, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol) is a pain relief and fever-reducing medicine people use for many types of pain. It’s a popular over-the-counter oral medication used alone or in “combination” medications for headaches, pain, colds, flu and menstrual discomfort. It’s often combined with other drugs including aspirin, opioids, antihistamines, decongestants and caffeine.

Acetaminophen comes in tablets, capsules, gel caps, melt away forms, rectal suppositories and liquid forms — all which can be easily digested by curious critters. And because you can find acetaminophen in just about any household with dogs and cats, unfortunately pets are sometimes too easily exposed to accidental poisoning.

Why is Acetaminophen (Tylenol) toxic or poisonous for dogs and cats?

While acetaminophen is generally safe at the recommended dose for humans…

For dogs and cats, acetaminophen (Tylenol) is toxic (poisonous or deadly)!

Relatively small doses (a single pill or even a small piece of a pill) can be toxic or deadly to any animal species (cats, dogs, ferrets, birds, pigs, primates, and many others).

Why? Because the metabolism (mechanisms for breaking down and removing the drug from the body) is often different in animals than it is in humans. For acetaminophen, the altered or abnormal liver metabolism in certain animals puts them at greater risk of harm from acetaminophen exposure.

How much Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is toxic or poisonous for dogs or cats?

For cats, it has a narrow margin of safety and in general, any dose or even tiny doses are considered poisonous. Abnormal red blood cell damage (methemoglobemia) can occur quickly.
For dogs, the toxic amount depends on the weight and health of your dog. The larger the dose ingested, the greater the risk. In dogs, liver damage and dry eye can occur. With very high doses, abnormal red blood cell damage (methemoglobemia) can occur.

What should I do if my dog or cat eats Acetaminophen?

If your pet is NOT doing fine, please follow the emergency instructions below.

EMERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS:

If your dog or cat is showing any signs of distress, immediately and safely transport your pet to your veterinarian or closest veterinary emergency clinic.

Scoop up and take any evidence with you such as the pill bottle (even if chewed), the remaining pills and any additional information you may have.
In addition, it may be helpful to take an old blanket or some towels as poisoned pets may become nauseated and vomit during the car ride. Vomitus should be checked for any evidence of and amount of pill material present before being discarded (If you can’t do this, save the evidence and in most cases your veterinary staff will check this for you).

"If the exposure just occurred and your pet appears to be stable, get life-saving treatment advice immediately by contacting your veterinarian or Pet Poison Helpline, a 24/7 animal poison control, at 800-213-6680."

Try to stay calm and provide the information requested by your veterinarian or Pet Poison Helpline. This information is critical to providing the best possible care options for your dog or cat and to identify if and how poisonous it is.

To the best of your ability, provide the following information:

Accurate account of the incident (including when it occurred)
The amount of medication missing, if you know how many were there before (have someone count pills while you call for assistance)
If any other ingredients were in the pills (e.g., antihistamine, caffeine, etc.)
Your pet’s medical history (including what other medication they may be on)

Always consider that any pet with access to medications may have had access to the acetaminophen (Tylenol) pills, so mention all pets that could have been potentially exposed to your veterinarian and Pet Poison Helpline. The earlier your pet is treated, the less expensive and better the chance for a safe and successful outcome.

What are the signs of acetaminophen (Tylenol) poisoning in a dog or cat?

Pets may show no signs initially, or they may exhibit nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, depression, blue gums, weakness, rapid or difficulty breathing, collapse, coma, edema (swelling) of the face and paws (especially in cats), transient keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye) in dogs, dark urine and blood and pale, dark or muddy mucous membranes (gums).

If the ingested acetaminophen was combined with other drugs (e.g., caffeine, antihistamines or opioids), your pet may exhibit additional signs including changes in mental status, ataxia (walking as if drunk), hyperactivity, agitation, tremors, seizures, increased or decreased heart rate, changes in blood pressure and body temperature.

How is Acetaminophen (Tylenol) poisoning diagnosed in a dog or cat?

Your veterinarian will likely make a presumptive diagnosis if there’s possible or known exposure to acetaminophen and/or your pet has any of the clinical signs mentioned above.

There’s a test to detect acetaminophen levels in the blood, but often it can only be run at a specialized laboratory or human hospital. In most cases, it takes too long to receive results because treatment must be started promptly for the health and safety of your pet. In some cases, testing may be used to help confirm the initial diagnosis.

Is there an antidote for acetaminophen poisoning?

There’s no specific antidote for acetaminophen toxicosis, but your veterinarian can administer drugs such as n-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) (also known as Mucomyst and Acetadote), antioxidants (Vitamin C), and liver protectants [such as s-adenosyl-methionine (SAMe) and milk thistle] to greatly reduce the risk of liver damage and methemoglobinemia (if given soon after the exposure). Seek veterinary attention immediately if you think your dog or cat has been poisoned by acetaminophen, as NAC must be started as soon as possible to prevent poisoning .

How is acetaminophen poisoning treated in dogs and cats?

Your veterinarian will provide treatment that’s tailored to the patient’s condition when he/she arrives at the clinic. In general, treatment consists of:

decontamination
baseline blood work and frequent monitoring of liver values,
liver protectants (NAC, SAMe, Marin), and
intravenous (IV) fluids.

In severely affected patients, additional therapy may be necessary, including oxygen therapy, blood transfusions, monitoring the body’s ability to clot, and additional symptomatic and supportive care.

What’s the prognosis for a dog or cat’s recovery if exposed to acetaminophen?

In general, the sooner you get treatment (and the more aggressive it is), the better the prognosis or chance of recovery for your pet.

It can depend on many factors including the initial health of your pet, the amount of acetaminophen ingested, whether any other drugs were combined with the acetaminophen, how soon decontamination was performed and whether the pet showed any signs of liver damage, coagulopathy (bleeding disorder), methemoglobinemia or anemia at the time treatment was initiated.

Can I prevent my dog or cat from swallowing acetaminophen (Tylenol)?

Yes, here are some tips to pet-proof your home and help keep them safe.

Never give any human medication to your pet without first consulting your veterinarian.
Keep all medications out of the reach of your pet.
Never leave medications unattended when your pet is around. Keep in mind that pets will knock items off counters (cats often knock items off counters only to have the dogs ingest them off the floor!).

Pets will sometimes open lower cabinets, chew through pill bottles, and never even stop if the pills aren’t the tastiest (their sense of taste and smell is different from ours).

If you drop a pill and can’t find it, first confine your pet to another area of the home and then continue your search for the missing medication. Pets are quick and will often grab it before you can find it. In many cases, even one dropped pill may pose a significant risk for your pet.
Pets are curious and often love to check out items in the home including purses, backpacks, lunch boxes and suitcases. Remind children and visitors to keep all medications including vitamins and supplements out of your pets reach.
Always remember to keep your pet happy and healthy by minimizing potential risks in the home environment.

"With any poisoning, get help immediately! It’s less dangerous to your pet, and less expensive for you to treat early!"

*Pet Poison Helpline, is an animal poison control service available 24 hours, 7 days a week for pet owners and veterinary professionals who require assistance treating a potentially poisoned pet! Pet Poison Helpline is available in North America by calling 800-213-6680. Additional information can be found online at www.petpoisonhelpline.com. Pet Poison Helpline is not directly affiliated with LifeLearn.

This client information sheet is based on material written by: Dr. Colleen M. Almgren, DVM, PhD, Pet Poison Helpline.

Acepromazine

websitebuilder@thryv.com — Mon, 27 May 2019 10:44:51 GMT

What is acepromazine?

Acepromazine maleate (brand names and alternative names: acetylpromazine, ACE, ACP, PromAce®) is a sedative/tranquilizer used as a pre-anesthetic and for chemical restraint in dogs and cats.

Its use in small exotics as a pre-anesthetic or tranquilizer is ‘ off label ’ or ‘ extra label’ . Many drugs are commonly prescribed for off label use in veterinary medicine. In these instances, follow your veterinarian’s directions and cautions very carefully as their directions may be significantly different from those on the label.

How is acepromazine given?

Acepromazine is administered as an injection in the muscle, under the skin, or in the vein, usually within the hospital setting. It can also be given as a tablet by mouth. It should be given 45 minutes to an hour prior to a procedure or event.

The tranquilization effects of acepromazine can be overridden, and it cannot always be counted upon when used as a restraining agent in pets.

What if I miss giving my pet the acepromazine?

Typically, this medication is not given on a schedule. Your veterinarian will provide you with information specific to your pet with regards to missed doses.

Are there any potential side effects?

The most common and important side effect of acepromazine use is low blood pressure, and in severe cases, it can cause cardiovascular collapse. In cats, it can also decrease tear production. Occasionally, aggressiveness and hyperactivity can occur, and when given in the muscle, this medication can cause temporary pain at the injection site. This drug may also cause the urine to become mildly discolored pinkish to red-brown, but is not concerning and will resolve.

This short-acting medication should stop working within 24 hours, although effects can be longer in pets with liver or kidney disease.

Are there any risk factors for this medication?

Acepromazine should not be used in pets that have been exposed to organophosphates, strychnine, or procaine, or in pets with significant heart disease, low blood pressure, severe dehydration, tetanus, or shock. It should be used with caution in pets with liver disease, heart disease, clotting problems, or low platelets, as well as in debilitated, pregnant, or young animals.

Some breeds of dogs (e.g., collies, sheepdogs, and collie- or sheepdog-cross breeds) are more sensitive than others to medications, such as acepromazine. This is typically due to a specific genetic mutation (MDR1) that makes them less able to tolerate high doses these medications. Lower doses of acepromazine should be used in dogs with MDR1 mutations, as well as giant breeds and greyhounds. If given at normal doses, the effect may be stronger and last longer in these breeds.

Are there any drug interactions I should be aware of?

The following medications should be used with caution when used with acepromazine: acetaminophen, antacids, antidiarrheal mixtures, antiemetics, cisapride, central nervous system depressants, dopamine, emetics, fluoxetine, hypotensive agents, metoclopramide, metronidazole, opiates, organophosphate agents, phenytoin, procaine, propranolol, or quinidine.

Be sure to tell your veterinarian about any medications ( including vitamins, supplements, or herbal therapies ) that your pet is taking.

Is there any monitoring that needs to be done with this medication?

Your veterinarian may regularly monitor your pet's heart rate, heart rhythm, and blood pressure while your pet is taking this medication. Body temperature should also be checked, especially if the environmental temperature is warmer or colder than average room temperature.

How do I store acepromazine?

Acepromazine should be stored in a dark place protected from light. Tablets should be stored at room temperature in a tight container.

What should I do in case of emergency?

If you suspect an overdose or an adverse reaction to the medication, call your veterinary office immediately. If they are not available, follow their directions in contacting an emergency facility.

This client information sheet is based on material written by: Rania Gollakner, BS, DVM

Acaros De Los Oidos - Gatos

websitebuilder@thryv.com — Mon, 27 May 2019 10:39:12 GMT

¿Qué son los ácaros de los oídos?

El ácaro del oído Otodectes cynotis es un ácaro de superficie que vive sobre los gatos, perros, conejos y hurones. Normalmente se encuentra en el canal auditivo, pero también puede vivir en otras superficies de la piel. Todo el ciclo vital del ácaro tiene lugar en el animal. Los ácaros del oído son muy contagiosos, y los gatos pueden llegar a infectarse por el contacto directo de otro animal infectado. El ácaro es apenas visible directamente y se identifica como pequeñas motas de polvo blanco sobre un fondo oscuro.

¿Cuál es el ciclo vital de un ácaro del oído?

Tardan unas tres semanas en pasar de huevo a adulto, pasando por cinco fases diferentes. Los ácaros adultos viven en los oídos alrededor de unos dos meses. Durante este tiempo se reproducirán. Todo el ciclo vital del ácaro del oído tiene lugar en el huésped, aunque pueden sobrevivir en el ambiente por un espacio limitado de tiempo.

¿Cuáles son los signos clínicos de la infestación por ácaros del oído?

Los ácaros de los oídos son una de las causas más frecuentes de infección en el oído de los gatos. Se trata del segundo ectoparásito (parásito externo) más común en gatos; el más común es la pulga. Las infestaciones suelen darse con más frecuencia en gatitos y gatos jóvenes, aunque pueden afectarse gatos de cualquier edad. Los signos clínicos de la infestación varían según la gravedad del proceso e incluyen:

1) Irritación de los oídos que provoca un picor intenso en las orejas. El gato se rascará o sacudirá la cabeza.

2) El oído producirá una cera muy oscura y una secreción que crepita al tocar la oreja.

3) Pérdida de pelo en algunas zonas alrededor de la oreja como consecuencia del rascado o excesivo lamido.

4) Costras y erupciones alrededor de la oreja.

5) Otohematoma - una bolsa grande de sangre en el pabellón auricular, causado por la rotura de pequeños vasos sanguíneos entre la piel y el cartílago. Está inducido por el rascado intenso y vigoroso de la oreja.

Las lesiones en la piel suelen presentarse mayoritariamente alrededor de las orejas, sin embargo también pueden afectarse otras áreas.

¿Cómo se diagnostican las infestaciones por ácaros de los oídos?

Unos signos clínicos concretos, junto con una historia de convivencia o contacto con otros perros y gatos, nos harán sospechar de una infestación por ácaros de los oídos. Aunque alrededor de la mitad de las causas de infecciones del oído en gatos están provocadas por los ácaros de los oídos, no podemos olvidar que existen otras enfermedades que pueden presentarse con signos clínicos muy similares y que deberían descartarse antes de empezar el tratamiento.

El veterinario hará el diagnóstico observando directamente los ácaros. La visualización del ácaro es suficiente para el diagnóstico, y puede hacerse observando directamente los ácaros en el oído del gato con un otoscopio o a través del microscopio con una muestra de secreción tomada de dentro del oído. En algunas ocasiones, si los oídos de su gato están muy doloridos, puede ser necesario sedarlo para poder examinar las orejas con cuidado y aplicar el tratamiento.

¿Cómo se tratan los ácaros de los oídos?

Hace falta seguir tres pasos para que el tratamiento se realice con éxito:ear_drops_cat

Tratar los oídos de los animales afectados y de todas las mascotas susceptibles.
Tratar la piel de todos los animales afectados y de todas las mascotas susceptibles.
Tratar el área dentro de casa donde están los animales, pues los ácaros son capaces de sobrevivir por un espacio limitado de tiempo fuera del huésped.

Su veterinario le aconsejará cuales son los productos más eficaces para cada caso. Existen diferentes productos para tratar los ácaros del oído en gatos. Ninguno de los productos disponibles son capaces de matar los huevos y las pupas, sólo actuarán sobre adultos y larvas. Teniendo en cuenta el ciclo vital del ácaro, es indispensable continuar el tratamiento durante como mínimo tres semanas. No hay productos preparados específicamente para tratar los ácaros en el ambiente o en otras zonas de la piel, sin embargo, la mayoría de productos anti-pulgas son efectivos también contra los ácaros.

¿Pueden los ácaros contagiarse a las personas?

Los ácaros del oído pueden causar algunas molestias de picores en las personas que conviven con mascotas infestadas. El control de los ácaros en los animales será suficiente para solucionar el problema.

This client information sheet is based on material written by: Ernest Ward, DVM

Abscesses in Dogs

websitebuilder@thryv.com — Mon, 27 May 2019 10:33:23 GMT

My dog seemed fine, and then I found a swelling on his side that felt warm to the touch and seemed to get bigger overnight. He was diagnosed with an abscess, and I am not sure I understand just what that means.

The simple description of an abscess is a “pocket of pus” located somewhere in the body. Abscesses are typically described anatomically by where they are located – for instance, a “tooth root abscess” occurs at the tip of a tooth root, and a “subcutaneous abscess” occurs under the skin. Typically, an abscess appears suddenly as a painful swelling (if it is not located inside a body cavity or deep within tissue) that may be either firm to the touch, or fluctuant like a water balloon. The abscess may be large or small, will often cause redness if it is under the skin, and may cause local tissue destruction. Some abscesses will rupture and drain foul-smelling material.

A dog with an abscess will often have a fever, even if the abscess has ruptured and drained to the outside of the body. Should the abscess be located inside the body – in the liver, for instance – fever would be expected, and there may be the additional complication of a disseminated internal infection – that is, bacteria in the bloodstream – if the abscess has ruptured internally.

What causes abscesses?

There are many potential causes of abscesses in dogs. One of the most common causes is a bite from another animal. The bite injury introduces bacteria into the wound, the wound becomes infected, and depending on the bacteria involved and how deep the bite is, an abscess can develop. Penetrating injuries from objects like sticks and grass seeds can also lead to abscesses, as can a previous infection in that site.

Certain bacterial species are often responsible for abscesses, and these include:

Pus-forming bacteria like Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, certain Streptococcus speccies, Pseudomonas, Mycoplasma, Pasteurella multocida, Corynebacterium, Actinomyces, Nocardia, and Bartonella
Bacteria that can only live and grow in the absence of oxygen, including Bacteroides, Clostridium, and Fusobacterium

Are there any particular risk factors for abscess development?

There are certain tissues and organs that are fairly commonly sites abscesses. For example, anal sacs that become impacted or infected may develop an abscess. A generalized blood-borne infection may result in a liver abscess. Damage to a tooth may result in a tooth root abscess. A sexually intact male dog may develop an infection and subsequent abscess in the prostate gland. A bite wound can result in an abscess under the skin. An inhaled foreign object or a severe pneumonia may case a lung abscess. Finally, an inner ear infection, severe sinus infection, or infection deep in the mouth can result in a brain abscess.

How are abscesses treated?

Treatment depends on the location of the abscess and the severity of the infection. Most abscesses are treated on an outpatient basis, rather than in the hospital. The key is to remove the pocket of pus, either surgically, or by draining and flushing. If a foreign object caused the abscess, it is critical to ensure that it be removed or the abscess will return.

"Antibiotic therapy is a critical component of treatment."

Antibiotic therapy is a critical component of successful treatment of abscesses. The antibiotic will be chosen based on the bacteria involved, and the length of treatment will depend upon both the bacteria and the location. It is important to give the antibiotics for the entire time they are prescribed. It is also important to ensure adequate pain relief during treatment of an abscess. Your veterinarian will prescribe an appropriate pain medication to be given alongside the antibiotic. Your veterinarian may talk with you about maintaining adequate nutrition to ensure good healing. This may involve a temporary dietary change. Finally, it will be important to restrict activity during recovery to allow the tissue to heal properly. If the abscess was surgically removed, then keeping the dog quiet and contained is absolutely mandatory.

Is there any follow-up for my dog that I should be thinking about?

During healing from an abscess, it is important to monitor for any increased draining from the abscess site (if the abscess is superficial), or any evidence that the dog is not improving (if the abscess was more internal). Avoiding a recurrence in the future depends on where the abscess occurred, and what tissues are involved. For instance, in the case of repeated anal sac abscesses, surgical removal of the gland may be recommended. In the case of a prostate abscess, neutering may prevent a recurrence. For bite wound abscesses, prevent fighting.

Delayed or inadequate treatment may lead to chronically draining tracts in the tissue or even to organ system compromise, so it is important to follow treatment instructions to the letter. Adequate draining or removal of the abscess followed by appropriate follow-up care and delivery of antibiotics, pain medication, and nutrition should result in a complete recovery!

This client information sheet is based on material written by: Robin Downing, DVM, DAAPM, DACVSMR, CVPP

Abscesses in Cats

websitebuilder@thryv.com — Mon, 27 May 2019 10:29:03 GMT

My cat was diagnosed with an abscess. What exactly is an abscess?

The simple description of an abscess is a “pocket of pus” located somewhere in the body. Abscesses are typically described anatomically by where they are located, for instance, a tooth root abscess occurs at the tip of a tooth root, and a subcutaneous abscess occurs under the skin. Typically, an abscess appears suddenly as a painful swelling (if it is not located inside a body cavity or deep within tissue) that may be either firm to the touch, or compressible like a water balloon. The abscess may be large or small, will often cause redness if it is under the skin, and may cause local tissue destruction. Some abscesses will rupture, discharging a foul-smelling secretion.

A cat with an abscess will often have a fever, even if the abscess has ruptured and drained to the outside of the body. Should the abscess be located inside the body, for example, in the liver, fever would be expected, and there may be the additional complication of a widespread internal infection, or bacteria in the bloodstream, if the abscess has ruptured internally.

What causes abscesses?

There are many potential causes of abscesses in cats. One of the most common causes is a bite from another animal. The bite injury introduces bacteria into the wound, the wound becomes infected, and depending upon the bacteria involved and how deep the bite is, an abscess can result. Penetrating injuries from inanimate objects like sticks and grass seeds can also lead to abscesses, as can having had a previous infection in the site.

Certain bacterial species are often involved in abscess formation, including:

pus-forming bacteria like Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, certain Streptococcus species, Pseudomonas, Mycoplasma, Pasteurella multocida, Corynebacterium, Actinomyces, Nocardia, and Bartonella

bacteria that can only live and grow in the absence of oxygen including Bacteroides, Clostridium, and Fusobacterium

Are there any particular risk factors for abscess development?

There are certain tissues and organs that are fairly commonly affected by abscesses. A generalized blood-borne infection may result in a liver abscess. Damage to a tooth may result in a tooth root abscess. A bite wound can result in an abscess under the skin. An inhaled foreign object or severe pneumonia may case a lung abscess. Finally, an inner ear infection, severe sinus infection, or infection deep in the mouth can result in a brain abscess.

How are abscesses treated?

Abscess treatment depends on the location and the severity of the infection. Most abscesses are treated on an outpatient basis, rather than in the hospital. The key is to remove the pocket of pus, either by surgical removal, or by draining and flushing. If a foreign object has been the cause of the abscess, it is critical to ensure that it has been fully removed or the abscess will return.

"It is also important to ensure

adequate pain relief during

treatment of an abscess."

Appropriate antibiotic therapy is a critical component of the successful treatment of abscesses, no matter the location. The antibiotic will be chosen based on the bacteria involved, and the length of treatment will depend upon both the bacteria and the location of the abscess. It is important to give the antibiotics for the entire time they are prescribed. It is also important to ensure adequate pain relief during treatment of an abscess. Your veterinarian may prescribe an appropriate pain medication to be given alongside the antibiotic. Your veterinarian may also talk with you about maintaining adequate nutrition to ensure proper healing, which may involve a temporary dietary modification. Finally, it will be important to restrict activity during recovery to allow the tissue involved to heal properly. If a surgery was involved to remove the abscess, keeping the cat appropriately quiet and contained is absolutely mandatory.

Is there any follow-up for my cat that I should be aware of?

While your cat is healing from an abscess, it is important to monitor for any increased draining from the abscess site (if the abscess is superficial), or any evidence that the cat is not improving (if the abscess is internal). Avoiding a future recurrence depends on where the abscess occurred, and what tissues are involved. For instance, in the case of repeated anal sac abscesses, surgical removal of the gland may be recommended. In the case of a prostate abscess, neutering may prevent a recurrence. For bite wound abscesses, avoid fighting or play-fighting situations that may cause a recurrence.

Delayed or inadequate treatment may lead to chronically draining tracts in the tissue or even to organ system compromise, so it is important to follow all treatment instructions from your veterinarian. Adequate draining or removal of the abscess, followed by appropriate follow-up care and delivery of antibiotics, pain medication, and nutrition should result in a complete recovery.

This client information sheet is based on material written by: Robin Downing, DVM, DAAPM, DACVSMR, CVPP

A Cleaner, Greener Home for Your Pets

websitebuilder@thryv.com — Mon, 27 May 2019 10:24:26 GMT

Go green! Conservationists everywhere tout the benefits of living a green life. Being environmentally responsible is healthier for the planet, for us, and for our pets. Since we want the best for our pets, we should include them in the go green movement.

Here are a few ways you can create a cleaner, greener home for you and your pet:

1. Reduce the impact eliminations have on the environment . This topic is no fun, but it’s an important one. Dogs and cats have to “go” and it’s up to us to monitor their bodily functions and to provide suitable outlets for nature’s call.

Dogs usually eliminate outside. If you live on vast acres of land, the environmental impact of a single dog taking care of business may be insignificant, but if you live in an urban area with a little or no yard, it’s a different story. And if you’re in a city where hundreds of dogs eliminate in a tiny green space, the environment really takes a hit.

"Look for environmentally friendly, biodegradable waste disposal bags."

Responsible dog owners know how to “scoop the poop”, but may not be aware that their environmental responsibility doesn’t end there. Plastic waste disposal bags (both new and recycled) aren’t all biodegradable, which means that these bags linger in landfills for years before decomposing. So even though your dog’s feces is organic matter, it can’t break down when sheathed in non-biodegradable plastic. How can you take a green approach to eliminations? Look for environmentally friendly, biodegradable waste disposal bags. There are many varieties on the market. Some bags are even compostable, but you shouldn’t use compost containing pet feces around edible fruit trees or vegetable plants. Composting doesn’t heat up enough to kill bacteria such as E. coli which could be a dangerous food contaminant. If you have room, you might even consider an enzymatic septic system for pet waste.

Now for your cat’s biological needs. Cats acclimate to a litterbox quite well, but you still have to scoop the poop, so the bag issue is the same as with our canine friends. Also the type of litter in the kitty’s box needs to be carefully considered. Lots of litter is made from clay acquired from earthen mines. Mining can take a toll on the environment which is a primary insult to Mother Nature. Clay litter also introduces dust particles into the air when cats scratch and bury their stool. This clay dust can be irritating to both human and feline lungs. Thankfully, there are many biodegradable litters on the market made from a various recycled products. For example, kitty litter can be made from recycled newspapers and sawdust pellets. That’s a two-for-one green step!

2. Select eco-friendly collars and leashes . Your pet’s collar and leash may seem like a small thing, but avoiding synthetic materials even on this level can help the environment. Collars and leashes made from natural fibers like hemp and cotton are literally “green” since they start as green plants. They are especially green if the plants are grown organically. Hemp and cotton leashes (minus the metal or plastic clips) are biodegradable, yet durable. These natural fabrics are also comfortable and hypoallergenic.

3. Keep fun time green . Toys are fun! But they can be dangerous, too. Dogs and cats love to chew, so their toys end up in their mouths where they can actually ingest toxic components. Chew toys should be free of contaminants like lead, which can be harmful if ingested. Some dogs are actually allergic to chemicals in plastic, so selecting safe toys is particularly important for them. Again, you can purchase toys made from natural fibers like cotton, hemp, or provided your dog doesn’t have a specific sensitivity, recycled rubber or plastic.

Cats love to scratch more than chew, so in an effort to save the furniture, cat owners often provide them with alternative scratching surfaces. Scratching posts made from bamboo or recycled cardboard are more environmentally friendly than those made from carpet and glue.

4. Consider green sleeping quarters . Once play time is over, your pet may need a rest. If your pet doesn’t sleep with you, perhaps he will enjoy a good night’s slumber on a bed constructed of recycled material or organic cotton. If he sleeps outside, you can consider a dog house made from sustainable wood. There are even dog houses with roofs designed to grow green plants to reduce the amount of airborne toxins.

5. Deal with environmental pests like fleas and ticks . Thankfully, there are many ways to deal with fleas and ticks because sometimes a single method is not enough. Feeding your dog a diet that includes garlic may deter some insects, but in heavily infested areas, that’s just not enough. Using natural shampoos and herbal sprays may also help, but again, may not be enough. So, enough already! The risk of exposure to fleas and ticks may outweigh the risk of exposure to pesticides and chemicals. Vector-borne diseases like Lyme Disease, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Bartonella and more can be life threatening. So, talk to your veterinarian for help in choosing a safe, effective FDA or EPA approved product to keep the fleas and ticks at bay.

6. Food can be green! And that doesn’t mean your dog or cat only eats green veggies! Nutrition is a vital part of staying healthy so your pet’s diet must be nutritionally balanced. His diet must also address existing age or health issues. If you choose to feed your pet an organic diet, make sure it is balanced and meets USDA standards. Organic diets are comprised of sustainable meat raised humanely, fish from clean waters, and vegetables grown without pesticides. They contain no artificial preservatives, hormones, antibiotics, or genetically engineered ingredients. If you choose to purchase organic meat and vegetables and cook your dog’s food, make sure you consult your veterinarian first. Home cooked meals are not always nutritionally balanced for our pets so a supplement may be in order.

The Best Way to Go Green

One of the biggest things you can do to maintain a greener home for your pet is to bring a “recycled” pet home in the first place. Consider visiting a shelter or rescue organization, or ask your veterinarian about pets available for adoption. Then raise your dog or cat in a wholesome, environmentally-friendly manner that will benefit you both.

This client information sheet is based on material written by: Lynn Buzhardt, DVM

Arsenic Poisoning in Cats

websitebuilder@thryv.com — Mon, 27 May 2019 10:19:44 GMT

What is canine acne?

Canine acne is an inflammatory disorder of the lips and the skin of the muzzle. Dogs with mild cases of acne often have red bumps or pustules (pimples) on their skin. This can, in more severe cases, lead to generalized swelling of the lips and muzzle, bleeding wounds, or scabs on the face. Left untreated, severe cases of canine acne can result in permanent scarring.

How will my veterinarian diagnose canine acne?

In most cases, your veterinarian can diagnose acne on the basis of clinical appearance. The characteristic skin lesions, distributed around the lips and muzzle, are relatively specific for this condition.

In some cases, however, further diagnostics may be required to confirm the diagnosis. Your veterinarian may recommend a biopsy of the skin to confirm the diagnosis of acne and rule out other skin disorders. Additionally, your veterinarian may recommend a bacterial culture and sensitivity in the case of infection, which can help identify the bacteria responsible for infection and appropriate antibiotics for treatment.

Why do dogs develop acne?

The underlying cause of canine acne is not fully understood. Canine acne was previously thought to be related to human acne, which is primarily hormone-induced, but more recent evidence has suggested that this is not the case.

Genetic predisposition, however, is thought to play an important role. Commonly-affected breeds include Boxers, English Bulldogs, Great Danes, German Shorthaired Pointers, Weimaraners, Mastiffs, Rottweilers, and Doberman Pinschers. Other breeds can be affected, though they are affected at lower rates than these predisposed breeds.

"Although the inflammation associated with canine acne is often 'non-infected' in the early stages, bacteria can easily colonize this damaged skin and lead to infection."

Many cases of canine acne are thought to be triggered by trauma to the skin of the chin or muzzle. This trauma can cause hairs to break off near the skin's surface, leading to inflammation within the hair follicle and eventual rupture of the hair follicle. When the hair follicle ruptures, its contents are released into the surrounding skin. This creates further inflammation within the skin, as the contents of the hair follicles are recognized as foreign by the surrounding tissues. Although the inflammation associated with canine acne is often sterile (non-infected) in the early stages, bacteria can easily colonize this damaged skin and lead to infection.

In some cases, acne may be associated with underlying skin conditions. Your veterinarian will assess your dog for possible food allergies or environmental allergies. If these allergies are suspected, managing the allergies may decrease acne. Additionally, your veterinarian will use a physical exam and/or laboratory tests to rule out parasites as a factor contributing to the acne.

How is canine acne treated?

The most common treatment for canine acne is topical benzoyl peroxide. This product (which is often available over-the-counter, or may be purchased from your veterinarian) helps to flush out the hair follicle and reduce bacterial contamination. In mild cases, benzoyl peroxide alone may be sufficient to resolve canine acne; in more severe cases, long-term benzoyl peroxide may be used to decrease the likelihood of recurrence.

There are a variety of other treatments that may be used for the treatment of canine acne. Steroids may be used to decrease inflammation within the skin. Oral steroids may include prednisone or prednisolone, while topical steroids often include betamethasone or flucinolone. Some patients may respond to a topical antibiotic, such as mupirocin, which decreases bacterial counts on the surface of the skin. Some patients may also respond favorably to isoretinoin (Retin-A®), which can lead to favorable changes within the hair follicles.

If the lesions are infected, your veterinarian may prescribe an antibiotic for the skin. If oral antibiotics are used, they are typically given for a total of four to eight weeks, depending on the severity of the infection. It is important to give all medications as prescribed by your veterinarian.

What can I do at home to help decrease my dog's acne?

One of the most beneficial things that you can do at home is resisting the temptation to "pop the pimples!" Squeezing the lesions on your dog's face will increase the likelihood of hair follicles rupturing and lead to worsening inflammation.

"Squeezing the lesions on your dog's face will increase the likelihood of hair follicles rupturing."

If you can identify a cause of trauma to your dog's muzzle or chin, decreasing this can trauma can decrease the acne. Possible causes of trauma include using the muzzle to root around in the dirt, eating from a plastic bowl that may have rough edges, or scratching at the face.

This client information sheet is based on material written by: Rania Gollakner, BS DVM

Acute Hemorrhagic Diarrhea Syndrome in Dogs (Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis)

websitebuilder@thryv.com — Mon, 27 May 2019 05:51:36 GMT

What is acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome?

Acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS) (also known as hemorrhagic gastroenteritis [HGE]) is an acute (sudden) disorder of dogs characterized by vomiting and bloody diarrhea. Most cases occur without warning in otherwise healthy dogs. The main and most disturbing clinical sign is large amounts of bloody diarrhea, very often bright red. Some dogs may have a painful abdomen, decreased appetite, lethargy (fatigue), or fever.

Diarrhea — Yorkshire Terrier Lying On Bed in Clarksville, IN

AHDS can affect any breed, age, size, or gender of dog, but it is most common in small- and toy-breed dogs. Young Miniature Poodles, Miniature Schnauzers, and Yorkshire Terriers seem to be more commonly affected. Other breeds commonly affected include the Pekingese, Dachshund, Maltese, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Shetland Sheepdog, and Poodle.

What causes AHDS?

The exact cause of AHDS remains unknown (idiopathic). It may be related to dietary indiscretion (ingesting non-food items or different foods), immune-mediated disease, toxins, or pancreatitis. Stress, anxiety, and hyperactivity are thought to be possible contributing factors in many cases. Other possible causes of AHDS include:

stomach or intestinal ulcers
trauma
gastrointestinal tumors or obstruction
foreign bodies
infectious diseases such as canine parvovirus infection
coagulation disorders
intestinal parasites
intestinal bacteria

Recent research indicates that AHDS may be an allergic reaction (food or inhaled). Dogs who experience AHDS may be more prone to developing AHDS in the future.

How is AHDS diagnosed?

The diagnosis of AHDS may be challenging and may ultimately require intestinal biopsies in persistent cases. Because there are so many possible causes of AHDS, evaluation usually requires a complete blood count (CBC), biochemical analysis of the blood, urinalysis, radiographs (X-rays), coagulation or clotting tests, fecal evaluation, and ultrasound or endoscopic examination of the gastrointestinal tract.

The packed cell volume (PCV) or hematocrit (HCT)—a measurement of the proportion of red blood cells in the blood—is often greater than 60% in dogs with AHDS. Most dogs have a normal HCT of 37% to 55%. An elevated HCT in combination with a low or normal total protein is an important clue that a dog may have AHDS. Blood bicarbonate levels, blood pH levels, and serum chemistries also give indicators that AHDS may be present. Diagnosis is often a process of eliminating other causes of bloody stools and gastrointestinal distress.

How is AHDS treated?

Dogs with AHDS will appear severely ill and, if left untreated, may die. In most cases, the disorder appears to run its course in a few days if the dog is given appropriate supportive care. Intravenous fluid therapy with potassium and electrolyte supplementation provides the foundation of AHDS therapy. Subcutaneous fluids (fluids given under the skin) are not usually considered adequate to meet the significant fluid requirements of most dogs with AHDS. Most dogs are not fed during the first 24 hours of treatment and are often given antibiotics for example ampicillin, enrofloxacin, or metronidazole (brand name Flagyl®) to combat potential secondary intestinal infection.

Trauma — Puppy with IV Fluids in Clarksville, IN

"Dogs with AHDS will appear severely ill and, if left untreated, may die."

Additional therapy for AHDS may include gastrointestinal protectants (e.g., sucralfate, brand names Carafate® and Sulcrate®) and anti-vomiting medications (e.g., maropitant, brand name Cerenia®). In severe cases, plasma or colloids may be needed to correct severely low blood protein levels.

If intravenous fluid therapy is not given, the dog’s red blood cell count will continue to elevate because of dehydration. In this situation, the dog is at risk for a potentially fatal clotting disorder called disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Once DIC has begun, it is often irreversible and may result in death.

Can AHDS be prevented?

Since the cause is unknown, it is difficult to give advice on prevention. However, reasonable suggestions are to feed a high quality commercial diet, refrain from giving your dog extra foods or treats your dog is not accustomed to, use parasite preventive medications as directed by your veterinarian, and generally provide a low stress environment.

This client information sheet is based on material written by: Tammy Hunter, DVM; Ernest Ward, DVM

Acute Caudal Myopathy (Limber tail)

websitebuilder@thryv.com — Mon, 27 May 2019 05:47:59 GMT

My 10 year-old Labrador retriever suddenly stopped wagging his tail. It was really droopy, and my veterinarian says he has “limber tail.” What is that?

The term “limber tail” is one of several slang terms that apply to a condition that is technically called acute caudal myopathy. Some of the other terms you might hear that apply to this include:

Swimmer’s tail
Cold water tail
Dead tail
Broken tail
Limp tail
Rudder tail
Broken wag

Working dogs and active hunting dogs seem to be at greatest risk for developing this condition, but it can happen to any breed -- to any dog with a tail!

Is this a true medical condition?

Yes. Acute caudal myopathy typically results from overuse of the tail, causing trauma to the bony vertebrae of the tail or the surrounding muscles and ligaments. Possible scenarios leading to limber tail include hard/vigorous play within the previous 24 hours, swimming in cold water, or active hunting within the past few days. Your dog may act fine immediately following activity but will wake up in pain the next day. The key risk factors appear to be overexertion and/or exposure to very cold water or cold weather.

Limber Tail — Dog Drinking On The Lake in Clarksville, IN

"The key risk factors appear to be overexertion

and/or exposure to very cold water or cold weather."

How is limber tail diagnosed?

Typically, limber tail is diagnosed by connecting the dots between your dog’s symptoms and recent high activity, in addition to a careful evaluation of your dog’s tail by your veterinarian.

Your dog may have difficulty rising because dogs use their tails for balance. Likewise, your dog may have difficulty finding a comfortable position in which to sit and you may see him shifting his weight from side to side. The tail may droop limply between your dog’s rear legs, as though he is “ashamed.” or it may stick straight out behind him for a short distance before drooping. Your dog may be so distracted by his pain that he might not eat, and he could be reluctant to squat to defecate.

The veterinary examination will include a careful palpation of the tail starting at the base (up by the pelvis) and proceeding down the entire length. The goal is to locate the discomfort and rule out any other problems that might explain the symptoms.

What else can explain these symptoms?

Other medical problems that resemble limber tail include:

Tail fracture
Lower back pain from a diseased intervertebral disk or osteoarthritis
Infection or inflammation of the anal glands
Prostate disease

The fact that other medical problems can look similar to limber tail reinforces the need for a thorough examination by your veterinarian.

How is limber tail treated?

Uncomplicated acute caudal myopathy is treated with rest and anti-inflammatory medication. There is nothing in the home medicine cabinet that is safe for you to give, so please only use medication that has been prescribed by your veterinarian. Most dogs are back to normal within a few days to a week. Just because your dog developed limber tail once does not mean that it will happen again when he returns to his favorite activities. You do not need to prevent your dog from doing the things that feed his soul!

This client information sheet is based on material written by: Robin Downing, DVM, CVPP, CCRP, DAAPM

Acupuncture/Acupressure for Dogs

websitebuilder@thryv.com — Mon, 27 May 2019 05:44:58 GMT

What is acupuncture?

Ancient Chinese medicine is based on the philosophy that illness is caused by an imbalance of vital energies in the body. Acupuncture is one aspect of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (TCVM) that focuses on restoring the energy balance in the body and promoting healing. In other words, acupuncture is used to help the body heal itself by correcting energy imbalances in the body.

Acupuncture — Dog Sleeping In The Bed in Clarksville, IN

The technique requires the insertion of fine needles into the dog’s body at specified points, called acupuncture points, where nerves and blood vessels converge. These points are located in sites called meridians, which are energy channels that transmit energy throughout the dog’s body.

The inserted needles guide “chi” or vital energy along the meridians. Placed in these identified points, the needles enhance blood circulation which improves healing ability. Acupuncture also stimulates the nervous system and increases the release of anti-inflammatory and pain relieving substances to reduce a dog’s discomfort.

Similar to acupuncture, another technique called acupressure, which involves applying pressure to acupuncture points rather than inserting a needle, is another option. This less invasive technique is preferred for locations that are hard to reach with needles, or for dogs that may not tolerate the needles.

How do acupuncture and acupressure help?

Acupuncture improves blood flow which increases oxygenation of tissues. It also reduces the amount of waste products produced and increases the amount of metabolic waste the body can remove, so there is a systemic benefit.

Acupuncture relaxes muscles both where the needle is inserted, and muscles located elsewhere in the body, so it relieves pain both locally and generally. By stimulating the release of naturally occurring pain relieving and anti-inflammatory substances, acupuncture may decrease the amount of pain medications needed to treat these dogs.

Most pain medications and anti-inflammatory drugs are quite safe, but may affect organ function, so veterinarians closely monitor organ function through routine laboratory testing to minimize the risk. Acupuncture has no systemic side effects, so it is particularly helpful for dogs in poor health.

"Acupuncture has no systemic side effects,

so it is particularly helpful for dogs in poor health."

As with most medical protocols, a combination of treatments often provides the best results. Fortunately, acupuncture and medical therapy can be safely used together, which is beneficial when neither method can provide the desired response alone.

What conditions can acupuncture treat?

Acupuncture is often used to treat dogs with arthritis and joint inflammation. For example, dogs with hip dysplasia or degenerative joint disease are good candidates for acupuncture, which may alleviate pain and improve joint range of motion. Dogs with chronic back pain and even dogs with serious spinal cord conditions also benefit from acupuncture.

Less serious medical problems are also treated with acupuncture. Lick granulomas are lesions on the legs of dogs that continuously lick a spot causing an irritated sore and exposing superficial nerve endings. These lesions are often difficult to heal and acupuncture may be a good complement to antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications.

"Acupuncture may be a good complement

to antibiotics and anti-inflammatory

medications."

It should be noted that although acupuncture can reduce pain and inflammation associated with many different medical conditions, traditional medicine is the first line of treatment for infection, cancer, and major organ disease. However, some issues associated with cancer, or the side effects of cancer treatment (chemotherapy and radiation) such as tissue inflammation, nausea, and decreased appetite, can be helped using acupuncture. Veterinary acupuncturists have treated patients with metabolic diseases associated with impaired organ function. Dogs with diabetes, kidney or liver failure, pancreatitis, Cushing’s disease and Addison’s disease have experienced a decrease in nausea and increase in appetite after acupuncture sessions. So, even if acupuncture or acupressure cannot cure a condition, they may make it more tolerable.

What is a typical acupuncture session like?

The first appointment with a veterinary acupuncturist involves a general medical assessment. The primary care veterinarian will send medical records outlining a history of the dog’s condition to the acupuncturist. Lab tests, radiographs, and current medical therapy will be documented so the acupuncturist is fully informed. The veterinary acupuncturist will perform his own physical examination, discuss treatment options, and explain exactly what happens during an acupuncture session.

"Even though patient dog may be a little

nervous in a new clinical setting, most become

very relaxed after needle insertion."

Even though patient dog may be a little nervous in a new clinical setting, most become very relaxed after needle insertion. Depending on the conditions addressed, the actual session may last 20-30 minutes. The doctor outlines a treatment protocol that may involve one to three sessions per week for several weeks. Often, the number of sessions is tapered off as the dog improves, so visits are scheduled less frequently.

The effects of acupuncture treatment are cumulative so there is a benefit to repeated sessions, but the goal is to achieve the greatest degree of improvement and maintain that level with the fewest treatments necessary. There are few side effects with acupuncture, but some dogs may be sore or stiff following a treatment session, while other patients appear tired. These symptoms usually resolve within 24-48 hours.

How do you find a veterinary acupuncturist?

Your dog’s primary care veterinarian can help you determine if acupuncture is a good option and can also help you find a local veterinary acupuncturist. The two veterinarians will communicate so that each doctor stays updated on your dog’s condition. There are more than 150,000 certified veterinary acupuncturists in the US who have completed an extensive course of study, so locating one close by is usually not a problem.

The combination of old and new medicine is often one that produces good results for many dogs.

This client information sheet is based on material written by: Lynn Buzhardt, DVM

Actividad Nocturna Excesiva en Gatos - Gatos

websitebuilder@thryv.com — Mon, 27 May 2019 05:39:59 GMT

¿Por qué está mi gato más activo por la noche?

Algunos gatos son más activos por la noche o se despiertan muy temprano por la mañana. Debido a que muchos propietarios están trabajando fuera de casa durante el día, el gato pasa las horas diurnas en reposo y descansando, especialmente si es la única mascota de la casa. El día del gato empieza pues, cuando el propietario llega a casa, le pone la comida y le proporciona juego e interacción social. Las quejas más típicas sobre la conducta de los gatos se centran en los ataques o los mordiscos en las orejas y los dedos de los pies de los propietarios, los desplazamientos constantes de un lado a otro, los maullidos o los juegos incontrolables. Algunos propietarios premian sin darse cuenta estas conductas ofreciendo algo de comida, afecto o atención para intentar calmar al gato.

¿Cómo puedo evitarlo?

Es necesario reprogramar horarios y promover el juego y las comidas durante el día y la tarde, para que el horario del gato se acople más al de los propietarios. También podemos ayudar a entretener al gato y aumentar su actividad utilizando algún sistema para que tenga que buscar la comida. Otra posible alternativa es la adquisición de un segundo gato para que tenga compañía.

Algunos gatos pueden reeducarse intentando mantenerlos despiertos y activos durante el día mediante el juego y la comida y evitando en lo posible las siestas por la tarde.

Si el gato continúa molestando durante la noche puede ser útil dejarlo fuera de la habitación y acomodarlo en una zona confortable para dormir. Hay que evitar darles de comer durante la noche ya que esto les anima a estar despiertos. Aunque sea difícil, se debería ignorar a los gatos que maúllan por la noche, ya que prestándoles atención sólo se consigue premiarles por ese comportamiento.

¿Y si es necesario tener al gato en la habitación?

Si se decide que el gato puede entrar a la habitación, debe recordarse que cualquier tipo de atención no hará más que recompensar su conducta. Es importante reaccionar con desinterés a sus reclamos, pero si el gato persiste o llega a un punto en que no se le puede ignorar, es necesario utilizar el castigo.

Pet Spaying — Cats Roaming Around At Night in Clarksville, IN En primer lugar, hay que dejar claro que el castigo está generalmente contraindicado en gatos, ya que si es demasiado suave probablemente sea inefectivo y pueden interpretarlo como un juego, lo que sería equivalente a un premio. Por otra parte, si el castigo es demasiado duro puede aumentar la ansiedad o el miedo al propietario. Si se va a usar el castigo, es recomendable aplicar mecanismos que el animal no asocie con propietario. Son las herramientas más seguras y efectivas ya que mediante estas técnicas el castigo parece surgir de la nada.

¿Hay alguna medicación que pueda ayudar?

Si todo lo demás falla y el gato no duerme durante la noche después de aplicar las técnicas anteriores, el veterinario puede medicar al gato para ayudarle a dormir las primeras noches. Este tratamiento debe contemplarse únicamente como última opción y no como una solución permanente para el problema.

This client information sheet is based on material written by: Trevor Turner, BVetMed, MRCVS, FRSH, MCIArb, MAE.

Acne in Dogs

websitebuilder@thryv.com — Mon, 27 May 2019 05:35:09 GMT

What is canine acne?

How will my veterinarian diagnose canine acne?

Why do dogs develop acne?

"Although the inflammation associated with canine acne is often 'non-infected' in the early stages, bacteria can easily colonize this damaged skin and lead to infection."

What care will my cat require after treatment for arsenic poisoning?

Your veterinarian should monitor the kidneys, the liver, and the electrolytes during and after treatment. If your pet makes a full recovery, no further aftercare is needed.

This client information sheet is based on material written by: Rania Gollakner, BS DVM